How long have you worked in environmental investing?
I joined Pictet in 2006, precisely as Water was becoming a multi-billion strategy. I was thrilled to be involved in the launch of a new environmental strategy, Clean Energy, in 2007, because I wanted to apply my knowledge of economics and finance to have a positive impact on the environment. I strongly believe that as a shareholder you are in a very good position to do that. Quickly thereafter, in the middle of the crisis in 2008, I participated in the launch of Timber strategy with the aim of investing in sustainable forestry. We then progressed to a concept that would combine all our environmental strategies - Water, Clean Energy and Timber - into one. We had secured a few institutional mandates by 2010 but it took a while to come up with a coherent concept, because many companies that were linked to our themes sometimes solved an environmental issue, but at the same time caused damage on other dimension.
Source: Pictet Asset Management, Stockholm Resilience Centre, data as of 31.03.2020
At the time, climate change was talked about but pollution, biodiversity, or plastics were not necessarily perceived as problems. My conviction was that by focusing on one environmental dimension you ran the risk of creating problems elsewhere. With the help of my highly creative colleague Christoph Butz, who as a trained forest engineer has a deep understanding of earth systems, we created an investment methodology based on the Planetary Boundaries.
It is a scientific framework that presents a holistic view of all environmental issues, and that recognises that each dimension has a limit that we should not exceed. The investment methodology we came up with was very innovative at the time. We're still improving it but now it's becoming more mainstream and you see many books or documentaries featuring the planetary boundaries; it's becoming a common language. We have been calculating the impact of companies based on this methodology for years.
The European taxonomy that is being implemented now uses our methodology almost exactly: in addition to climate change adaptation and mitigation, there are four other dimensions that really correspond to our planetary limits. With the double approach of "do no harm", so stay within planetary limits, and “do good”, or improve the situation on at least one of the dimensions.
We want to remain on the cutting edge and to develop today the strategies that clients will be asking for in five years’ time.
What do you make of the trend towards net zero?
It’s a step in the right direction, but sadly so far it does not yet change the long-term trajectory. Today we have an economy that’s degenerative for the environment: everything we do partly destroys the planet. Large brands going green are essentially aiming to do a little better than before, but this is still degenerative on the whole, in my opinion.
We need to go beyond net zero – it is becoming increasingly clear we have to restore what we've destroyed. We have to put carbon back into the earth with regenerative agriculture or by planting trees; we have to find new technologies. What we need above all is a level of structural organisation where we move towards an economy that is regenerative, that is circular, but in addition, brings something positive for biodiversity or nature. This would be modelled on systems in nature which perpetually regenerate themselves. Destroy a forest and it will eventually regenerate itself. We should have an economy that is based on that structure. As shareholders we can be partners to companies that embark on that path. My conviction is that for a company to survive, to deliver superior growth, to be innovative, to hire the brightest talent, it will have to adopt that new structure.
Do you find it easier to get your environmental views across today?
It’s impressive how much has changed in the last few years. When I started, there wasn’t a consensus on why fertilisers, plastics, air conditioning, nuclear energy, or even pesticides did not belong in an environmental investment strategy. We did not hear much about biodiversity until a few years ago. Plastic pollution has only really been talked about since the BBC documentary Blue Planet featured the damage to the oceans, but it’s always been an issue! Today, a much larger share of the population feels concerned, and surprisingly it’s accelerated with the Covid crisis. The younger generation seems to have these issues at heart; for most people we hire today it’s a no-brainer
Ten years ago, I wouldn't have bet on such a sudden change in this direction. I believe that sustainable investing was still a niche because of the prevailing thought that imposing ethical considerations on investments would result in underperformance since it would constrain the investment universe. We no longer need to have that debate now, the track record of our environmental strategies speaks for itself.
Corporate engagement was seen as negative by investors who worried that it might strain relations with company management. Today companies come to us for advice because they realise that capital flows towards those with the best ESG scores. In the Timber strategy which I used to manage with Christoph, we have always had discussions with companies on the best silvicultural practices and maintaining a good level of biodiversity while producing valuable timber. We’ve always pushed companies to adhere to high standards in sustainable forest management since the value of our investee companies is determined in large part by the sustainability of their forestry assets.
We need to go beyond net zero. We have to restore what we've destroyed.
Have you always had an interest in responsible investment?
My family always had a strong connection to nature that was passed down to me. In Geneva there was a very strong environmental impulse in the twentieth century. I think it’s in line with the legacy of three major historical figures - Jean Calvin, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Henri Dunant, who imbued Geneva with a sense of openness towards the world, a sense of justice and compassion which we call the “Geneva spirit”. This did extend to the environment with figures like Robert Hainard, a naturalist painter who was a friend of my father’s, who inspired a whole generation to appreciate nature in its wild and free state. My father himself is an ornithologist who has spent his whole life with binoculars around his neck. We lived close to nature and that’s still part of everyday life for me.
I travel by electric bike, I have a wood pellet heater, I've been a vegetarian for about fifteen years, and recently started a permaculture food-forest in my garden. I try to limit the impact I can have on the environment in everything I do. I adhere to the systemic thinking that everything in nature has a place and a purpose, and every time you take away a component of the system, it might affect the whole system. My wife used to be a lobbyist in Brussels, fighting pesticides in agriculture. We try to transmit our love for nature to our three children.